These are blocks are (hard) buffalo horn, usually used in Japanese sword crafts for making koiguchi, kurugata, kojiri, and kashira. Each block is approximately 1.5in x 2in x 5/16in (36mm x 50mm x 8mm). These are unfinished pieces, which should be polished and wet sanded until glossy black.
The polished pieces are also suitable for other horn parts on the sword, such as kurigata or special shaped kashira. Many knife makers use them for knife handles as well. These are polished already, needing only minor touch ups after finishing.